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Paving Concrete is a composite of building materials made from a mixture of Portland cement or adhesive, water, and aggregate with or without other additives, which do not reduce the quality of the Concrete. In the research, fc' K-175 kg/cm2 of bagasse ash was added with variations of 0%, 6%, 8%, and 12% bagasse ash; the weight is based on the weight of the cement. This study aimed to determine the compressive strength of Concrete obtained from a mixture of bagasse ash in K-175 kg/cm2 . The concrete mix design refers to SNI-03-0691-1996. Test samples prepared for each additional percentage of bagasse ash were three samples in the form of cubes with a length of 20 cm, a height of 8 cm, and a width of 10 cm. The results showed a decrease in strength with each addition of bagasse ash. It is known that the average compressive strength of Concrete after 28 days is 176.66%. Kg/m2 and the lowest compressive strength were obtained by adding 12% ash from bagasse aged 28 days, which was 73.33 kg/m2 .
sumber journal :rekayasasipil.ub.ac.id Shinta 3
1. Introduction
Paving block concrete is a composition of building materials formed from a mixture of Portland cement or similar hydraulic adhesives, water, and aggregate with or without other additives, which do not reduce the quality of concrete bricks [1]. The classification of paving blocks in SNI-03-0691-1996 [2] can be classified according to use, as follows: a. A quality concrete brick is used for roads. b. B-quality concrete bricks are used for parking lots c. Pedestrians use C-quality concrete bricks. d. D-quality concrete brick is used for plants and other uses. To overcome this problem, many efforts have been made by utilizing waste materials [5] and by-products such as fly ash, silica fume, ground blast furnace slag granules, ceramic waste powder, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, incinerator bottom ash as an alternative to partially replacing cement in cement-based materials [6]. Sugarcane produces waste in the form of bagasse, which is used as fuel for cogeneration boilers. Thus, the sugar and alcohol industry is a sustainable and energy-efficient sector [7]. Bagasse ash is a residue of combustion from the process of making sugar. Testing by the Manado Industry Research & Standardization Center found that the silica content of bagasse ash was 68.5% and had pozzolanic properties [8]. For example, sugar cane waste is often found in sugar cane juice sellers and sugar factories, as shown in Fig. 1. Seeing the amount of waste produced by sugar factories and sugar cane juice sellers and the case is how to use this waste so that it does not pollute the environment. Sugarcane fiber waste has yet to be fully utilized as an economical material; the waste is often disposed of in the trash. Bagasse ash obtained from combustion (Fig. 2) and has turned into ash (Fig. 3) has the properties of a chemical compound that is pozzolanic, which contains silica (SiO2), a compound which, when mixed with cement and water, can be used to increase compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete in asphalt [9]. The equation for the content of cement and bagasse ash can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1 is a comparison of the content of bagasse ash with cement content; there are several similarities in the chemical substances contained therein, but they differ only in their content: Silica (SiO2) content, bagasse includes 71% more, Iron (Fe2O3) content There is more than bagasse, the Chalk content (Cao) in the bagasse is less than cement, the Magnesia (MgO) content is already in the range of cement composition, Sulfur (SO3) content in bagasse is more than cement. This research will be carried out to make paving blocks using high compressive strength; this research tries to apply bagasse ash as a substitute for cement to manufacture paving blocks to determine the compressive strength. This research aims to determine the compressive strength results based on adding bagasse ash mixed into the manufacture of paving blocks and to determine the percentage difference between regular and paving blocks using added bagasse ash.
2. Research Method
This research uses experimental testing methods in the Islamic University of Lamongan Civil Engineering Laboratory. This method compares the compressive strength between regular and paving blocks with bagasse ash added with quality standards (National Standards Agency (SNI 03- 0691-1996). In this study, three samples were tested for each object—test object [11] with a ratio of 1:3. The research tools used are laboratory tools for examining materials and testing specimens as follows [12]: a. Sieve sizes of 4.76 mm, 2.38 mm, 0.29 mm, and 0.15 are used to determine the gradation of sand b. Scales c. Paving block molds with a length of 20 cm, a width of 10 cm, and a thickness of 8 cm d. Additional tools include cement spoons, trowels, scoops, basins, brushes, label paper, tape measure, and markers 2.1. Location and Time To carry out this research activity, namely, the comparison of the compressive strength of different paving blocks using a mixture of bagasse ash as a substitute for cement was carried out in the Islamic University of Lamongan laboratory. The test object for this research was the compressive strength of paving blocks, which, as a mixture, was bagasse ash. 2.2. Data Collection Technique The data from the research were obtained from the results of the Civil Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Islam Lamongan, following data from the National Indonesian Standard (SNI). 2.3. Description and Research Technique This research begins with collecting bagasse and then drying it in the sun to reduce the water content; after drying, it is burned to ashes. The bagasse ash is then mixed into the concrete mixture to be printed into paving blocks. Paving block materials were sampled in the civil engineering laboratory of the Universitas Islam Lamongan. The materials used to manufacture paving blocks are shown in Table 2.
The material used in this concrete mix uses SNI 03-2834- 2000 [12]. The water came from pure water sources following The SNI standard. This study uses Type I Portland Cement, widely used in housing construction and produced by PT. Semen Gresik, the bag weight is 40 kg. The acceptable aggregate is a space filler between the coarse aggregates to strengthen the bond. The fine aggregate used in this study is river sand. When testing trial samples, all test samples are first measured and weighed. The researcher provided information about the sample size: the length is 20 cm, the width is 10 cm, the thickness is 8 cm, and the area is 200 cm2 . All test objects are usually the same size as the factory, and all test objects use the same shape described above.
2.4. Sample
Production The test object is produced by hand or without a printing mixture [12] (SNI 03-2834-2000, 2000). Making ordinary paving requires first making the dough as a raw material.
Mix cement and sand with a volume ratio of 1:3 according to the existing theoretical basis, then add water to the FAS 0.30 concrete mixture, make sure the results of the mix are not too wet, then remember to set the position of the mold parts first and make sure everything is in order, then put the dough with a fixed volume into the mold. Compact the paving dough in the mold with a bat until the desired density is reached. The following process is removing the finished mold. Then save. We recommend placing the wet paving blocks on a flat surface. To make paving from the first additional material, first, make a mixture of paving raw materials. The authors did this by mixing cement and sand, a volume ratio of 1:3, and adding a large amount of bagasse ash according to the specifications of the resulting test sample for further processing (Fig. 4).
3. Result and Discussion
Testing is conducted in the laboratory. The test was carried out on the 28th day with as many as 3 test objects. The test sample is weighed on all test objects to see the weight of each, which is then recorded as data (Fig. 5 and Table 3).
The compressive strength was obtained from the paving compressive strength test results. By adding bagasse ash to the paving mixture, the compressive strength of the paving can be increased. The research data is recorded as research data. The process of compressive strength is as follows: a. Take a test sample to test b. Calculate the sample's cross-sectional area to calculate the paving's compressive strength c. Place the sample on the pressing machine horizontally and press it until it crumbles with the press machine. The compressive strength of the paving blocks is determined by dividing the load and the sample’s area. The results are shown in Table 4.
From the experimental result, it can be seen that by adding bagasse ash to the paving block mixture with a percentage of bagasse ash of 6%, 8%, and 12% by weight of the cement used, all of them experienced a decrease in the compressive strength of the paving blocks. The average compressive strength of paving blocks with adding bagasse ash was 136.66 kg/cm², while the lowest average value was 73.33 kg/cm². Meanwhile, a regular paving block yields a compressive strength of 176.66 kg/cm² (Fig. 6). Then, the compressive strength value of kg/cm2 is converted to MPa -K units, classifying the standard compressive strength of paving blocks in Indonesian Standard SNI 03-0691-1996 with the following provisions for comparing specimens (Table 5).
Based on Table 6, it can be seen that the results of converting compressive strength kg/cm² to MPa with sequential values from test specimens N, 6%, 8%, 12% are 16.48 MPa, 12.66 MPa, 9.07 MPa, and 6 .92 MPa.
Based on Table 7 above, the results of the sequential strength of the test object Normal (N), 6%, 8%, and 12% are 0%, -22%, -44%, -58%; from the above results, the compressive strength of the test object has decreased as more ash is added to the paving block mixture. Fig. 7 shows that the level of compaction force during manual compaction affects the compressive strength of the paving. The lower the compaction strength, the lower the compressive strength of the paving; this is because the cavity in the paving stone becomes empty. With high compression, the compressive strength of the pavement increases as the voids are filled. There are several things related to the decrease in the compressive strength of the paving, which can be caused by differences in the weight of the test sample because the weight of the paving indicates the specific gravity of the paving. Low density means reduced compressive strength. This is because when the pavement is pressed, it will be compressed, and the material inside it is forced to fill the cavities, resulting in damage or fracture.
4. Conclusion
Based on the test results and discussion described previously, it can be concluded that the compressive strength of the pavement decreases with an increasing mixture of bagasse ash. The highest compressive strength was a mixture of 0%, or a standard mixture of 176.66 kg/cm, while the lowest compressive strength was a mixture of 12% bagasse ash for a paving volume of 73.33 kg/cm. The compressive force of the samples N, 6%, 8%, and 12% were 0%, 22%, 44%, and 58%, respectively. Based on the results of this study, bagasse ash cannot be used as an additive to increase the compressive strength of paving because the chemical properties of bagasse ash do not meet the standards as a substitute for cement. Hence, the compressive strength produced needs to be maximized. Further research is needed on using bagasse ash as an additional ingredient in paving. Existence of further research is using a hydraulic molding machine whose load has been measured at the time of printing and the need for variations in the amount of cement and aggregate to achieve a better compressive force.
References
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